Programming With Rust — Part Seventeen: The Rest Of httpd v0.5

1.0 Handling A Connection

The handleConnection function now looks like this

    fn handleConnection(socket: TcpSocket)
    {	    
        let     socketBuf = tcp::socket_buf(socket);
        let mut buffer    = RequestBuffer::new(socketBuf);
        let mut writer    = ResponseWriter::new(socketBuf);

        let     request   = Request::read(&mut buffer);
        let     response  = handleRequest(&request);
        
        response.write(&mut writer);
    }

This is both sub-optimal and incorrect and results in the connection being closed after a single Request but it will do for now.

2.0 Handling A Request

The handleRequest function currently does nothing more than print out the Request and return a ‘not found’ Response.

    fn handleRequest(request: &Request) -> Response
    {
        io::println(fmt!("request == %?", request));
    
        ResponseBuilder::notFound()
    }

3.0 Testing

Connecting with a web browser is OK as a basic ‘smoke test’ but we are now at the stage where we need some actual tests.

While it is tempting to write the tests in Rust as well by extending the server side code to support HTTP clients, when writing
anything involving protocols it is always a good idea to test against a completely independent implementation if possible.

3.1 The Test Code

Below is some very simple test code written in Ruby.

    require 'net/http'

    class MethodTests

        def initialize(host, port)
    
            @host = host
            @port = port
        
        end
        
        def run()
    
            method_tests.each { |method| self.method(method).call() }

        end
    
        def connect()

            begin
         
                Net::HTTP.start(
                              @host, @port + 2, 
                              @host, @port, 
                              'sjL', 'sjL', { :use_ssl => true } ) do |http|
            
                    http.get('/connect_test')

                end
         
            rescue Net::HTTPServerException => hse
         
                puts 'connect: ' + hse.to_s

            end

        end

        def delete

            http_method('delete')

        end
    
        def get

            http_method('get')

        end
    
        def get_proxy
    
            begin
         
                Net::HTTP.start(@host, @port + 2, @host, @port) do |http|
            
                    res = http.get('/absolute_uri_test')

                    puts 'get_proxy: ' + res.code

                end
         
            rescue Net::HTTPServerException => hse
         
                puts 'get_proxy: ' + hse.to_s

            end
    
        end
    
        def head

            http_method('head')
        end
    
        def options

            http_method('options', '*')

        end

        def post
        
            http_method('post', '/post_test', '')

        end

        def put

            http_method('put', '/put_test', '')

        end


        def trace
    
            http_method('trace')
        
        end
    
        private

            def method_tests
        
                ['connect', 'delete', 'get', 'get_proxy', 'head', 'options', 'post', 'put', 'trace']

            end
        
            def http_method(name, *args)
        
                res = Net::HTTP.start(@host, @port) do |http|
    
                    case args.length
                
                        when 1
                    
                            http.method(name).call(args[0])
                       
                        when 2
                    
                            http.method(name).call(args[0], args[1])
                       
                        else
                      
                            http.method(name).call('/' + name + '_test')
                        
                    end

                end
                puts name + ': ' + res.code

            end
        
    end


    MethodTests.new('127.0.0.1', 3534).run()

3.2 The Tests

Between them the tests test all the supported methods and request URI formats.

The only test methods that are possibly not self-explanatory are connect and get_proxy

3.2.1 connect

The connect test method creates an HTTP client that will attampt to use the actual HTTP server at @host:@port as a proxy to access another non-existent HTTP server at @host:(@port + 2) using a secure connection.

The call to the HTTP client’s get method causes it to attempt to create an SSL connection which tunnels through the proxy using the HTTP CONNECT method, which is what we want.

3.2.2 get_proxy

Like the connect test method, the get_proxy test method creates an HTTP client that will attampt to use the actual HTTP server at @host:@port as a proxy to access another non-existent HTTP server at @host:(@port + 2) but in this case using an ordinary non-secure connection.

The call to the HTTP client’s get method causes it to send an HTTP Request with an Absolute URI as the Request URI.

4.0 Running The Tests

4.1 Test Output

When run the test code outputs the following

connect: 404 "Not Found"
delete: 404
get: 404
get_proxy: 404
head: 404
options: 404
post: 404
put: 404
trace: 404

4.2 Server Output

When the test code is run httpd outputs the following (heavily edited for readability)

./httpd
on_establish_callback({x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: CONNECT, \
             uri: Authority(~"127.0.0.1:3536"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3536"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Proxy-Authorization", value: ~"Basic c2pMOnNqTA=="}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: DELETE, \
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/delete_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Depth", value: ~"Infinity"}, {key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, \
                                  {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: GET, \
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/get_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept-Encoding", value: ~"gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: GET, \
             uri: AbsoluteURI({scheme: ~"http", user: None, host: ~"127.0.0.1", port: Some(~"3536"), \
             path: ~"/absolute_uri_test", query: ~[], fragment: None}), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept-Encoding", value: ~"gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"},\
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3536"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: HEAD, \
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/head_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: OPTIONS, \
             uri: Wildcard, \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: POST, \
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/post_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}, {key: ~"Content-Length", value: ~"0"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Content-Type", value: ~"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: PUT, 
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/put_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}, {key: ~"Content-Length", value: ~"0"}, \
                                  {key: ~"Content-Type", value: ~"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}]}}
new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x101810400 as *())), {x: {data: (0x100709600 as *())}})
accept succeeded
request == &{method: TRACE, \
             uri: AbsolutePath(~"/trace_test"), \
             headers: {headers: ~[{key: ~"Accept", value: ~"*/*"}, {key: ~"User-Agent", value: ~"Ruby"},\
                                  {key: ~"Host", value: ~"127.0.0.1:3534"}]}}

5.0 Source Files

5.1 httpd.rc

// httpd.rc

// v0.5

extern mod std;

mod HTTP;
mod buffer;
mod headers;
mod request;
mod response;
mod server;
mod writer;

static PORT: uint = 3534;

static IPV4_LOOPBACK: &'static str = "127.0.0.1";

fn main()
{	
    server::run(IPV4_LOOPBACK, PORT);
}

5.2 server.rs

// server.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use core::comm::SharedChan;

use core::option::Option;

use core::task;

use std::net::ip;
use std::net::tcp;
use std::net::tcp::TcpErrData;
use std::net::tcp::TcpNewConnection;
use std::net::tcp::TcpSocket;

use std::sync::Mutex;

use std::uv_iotask;


use buffer::RequestBuffer;

use request::Request;

use response::Response;
use response::ResponseBuilder;

use writer::ResponseWriter;

//

static BACKLOG: uint = 5;


fn on_establish_callback(chan: SharedChan<Option>)
{
    io::println(fmt!("on_establish_callback(%?)", chan));
}

fn new_connection_callback(newConn :TcpNewConnection, chan: SharedChan<Option>)
{
    io::println(fmt!("new_connection_callback(%?, %?)", newConn, chan));
	
    let mx = Mutex();
	
    do mx.lock_cond
        |cv|
        {
            let mxc = ~mx.clone();

            do task::spawn 
            {
                match tcp::accept(newConn)
                {
                    Ok(socket) => 
                    {
                        io::println("accept succeeded");
                        do mxc.lock_cond
                            |cv|
                            {
                                cv.signal();
                            }
                        handleConnection(socket);
				                
                    },
                    Err(error) => 
                    {
                        io::println(fmt!("accept failed: %?", error));
                        do mxc.lock_cond
                            |cv|
                            {
                                cv.signal();
                            }
                    }
                }
            }
            cv.wait();
        }
}

fn handleConnection(socket: TcpSocket)
{	    
    let     socketBuf = tcp::socket_buf(socket);
    let mut buffer    = RequestBuffer::new(socketBuf);
    let mut writer    = ResponseWriter::new(socketBuf);
    
    let     request   = Request::read(&mut buffer);
    let     response  = handleRequest(&request);
    
    response.write(&mut writer);
}

//


fn handleRequest(request: &Request) -> Response
{
    io::println(fmt!("request == %?", request));
    
    ResponseBuilder::notFound()
}


//

pub fn run(address: &str, port: uint)
{	
    tcp::listen(
        ip::v4::parse_addr(address),
        port,
        BACKLOG,
        &uv_iotask::spawn_iotask(task::task()),
        on_establish_callback,
        new_connection_callback);
}

---

Copyright (c) 2013 By Simon Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and owner Simon Lewis is strictly prohibited.

Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Simon Lewis and justanapplication.wordpress.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

Programming With Rust — Part Sixteen: Representing An HTTP Response

For the moment we will concentrate on getting the client-to-server/server-to-client round-trip working so the initial representation of an HTTP Response will be distinctly minimal.

1.0 HTTP Response: The RFC 2616 Definition

1.1 Response

An HTTP Response is defined like this

    Response      = Status-Line               ; Section 6.1
                    *(( general-header        ; Section 4.5
                     | response-header        ; Section 6.2
                     | entity-header ) CRLF)  ; Section 7.1
                    CRLF
                    [ message-body ]          ; Section 7.2

1.2 Status-Line

Status-Line is defined like this

    Status-Line = HTTP-Version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF

The Status-Code is a three digit integer, 404 probably being the most familiar example, and the Reason-Phrase is any text excluding CR and/or LF, the counterpart to 404 being Not Found

2.0 Representing A Response

2.1 The Components

2.1.1 Status

The Status struct represents both the Status-Code and the Reason-Phrase since they are always paired.

    pub struct Status
    {
        code:   uint,
        reason: &'static str
    }

The Status-Code/Reason-Phrase pairs can then be represented as static items, like so

    pub static NOT_FOUND: Status = Status { code: 404, reason: "Not Found" };

2.2 The Response

For the moment the Response struct only holds a Status value.

    pub struct Response
    {
        priv status: Status
    }

3.0 Building A Response

A Response is constructed using a ResponseBuilder.

For the moment it implements a single static method notFound

    impl ResponseBuilder
    {
        pub fn notFound() -> Response
        {
            Response { status: NOT_FOUND }
        }
    }

4.0 Writing A Response

4.1 ResponseWriter

A ResponseWriter is the counterpart of a RequestBuffer.

It knows how to write the lines that make up the HTTP Response to the connection but it does not know how an HTTP Response is represented.

4.2 The Response write Method

The write method implemented by the Response struct writes the most minimal HTTP Response possible

    pub fn write(&self, writer: &mut ResponseWriter)
    {
        writer.beginResponse();
        writer.writeStatus(self.status.code, self.status.reason);
        writer.endResponse();
    }

4.0 Source Files

4.1 HTTP.rs

// HTTP.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use std::net::url;

pub static CR: u8 = 13;

pub static LF: u8 = 10;

pub static SP: u8 = 32;

//

pub static VERSION: &'static str = "HTTP/1.1";

//

pub enum Method
{
    CONNECT,
    DELETE,
    GET,
    HEAD,
    OPTIONS,
    POST,
    PUT,
    TRACE
}

impl Method
{
    pub fn fromString(s: &str) -> Method
    {
        match s
        {
            "CONNECT" => CONNECT,
            "DELETE"  => DELETE,
            "GET"     => GET,
            "HEAD"    => HEAD,
            "OPTIONS" => OPTIONS,
            "POST"    => POST,
            "PUT"     => PUT,
            "TRACE"   => TRACE,
       
            _ => 
            {   
                fail!(fmt!("Unrecognized method %s", s));
            }
        }
    }
}

//

pub enum RequestURI
{
    AbsolutePath(~str),
    AbsoluteURI(url::Url),
    Authority(~str),
    Wildcard
}

impl RequestURI
{    
    pub fn fromString(method: Method, s: &str) -> RequestURI
    {
        match method
        {
            CONNECT =>
            {
                Authority(s.to_str())
            },
            
            _ =>
            {
                let length = s.len();
        
                if (length == 1)
                {
                    match s.char_at(0)
                    {
                        '*' =>
                        {
                            Wildcard
                        },
                
                        '/' =>
                        {
                            AbsolutePath(~"/")
                        },
                
                        _ =>
                        {
                            fail!(fmt!("Invalid URI: %s", s));
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    match s.char_at(0)
                    {
                        '/' =>
                        {
                            AbsolutePath(s.to_str())
                        }
                        
                        _ =>
                        {                            
                            match url::from_str(s)
                            {
                                Ok(url)  => AbsoluteURI(url),
                                
                                Err(err) => fail!(err)
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

//

pub struct Status
{
    code:   uint,
	reason: &'static str
}

pub static OK:        Status = Status { code: 200, reason: "OK" };

pub static NOT_FOUND: Status = Status { code: 404, reason: "Not Found" };
 

4.2 response.rs

// response.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use HTTP::Status;

use HTTP::NOT_FOUND;

use writer::ResponseWriter;

pub struct Response
{
    priv status: Status
}

impl Response
{
    pub fn write(&self, writer: &mut ResponseWriter)
    {
        writer.beginResponse();
        writer.writeStatus(self.status.code, self.status.reason);
        writer.endResponse();
    }
}

pub struct ResponseBuilder
{
    priv status: Status
}

impl ResponseBuilder
{
    pub fn notFound() -> Response
    {
        Response { status: NOT_FOUND }
    }
}

4.3 writer.rs

// writer.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use std::net::tcp::TcpSocketBuf;

use HTTP::CR;
use HTTP::LF;
use HTTP::SP;
use HTTP::VERSION;

enum State
{
    INIT,
    STATUS,
    HEADERS
}

pub struct ResponseWriter
{
    priv socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf,
    priv state:     State,
    priv buffer:    ~[u8]
}

static SIZE: uint = 1024;

//

static COLON: u8 = 58;

impl ResponseWriter
{
    pub fn new(socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf) -> ResponseWriter
    {
        ResponseWriter { socketBuf: socketBuf, state: INIT, buffer: ~[0u8, ..SIZE] }
    }
    
    //
    
    pub fn beginResponse(&mut self)
    {
        self.state = INIT;
        self.buffer.clear();
    }
    
    pub fn writeStatus(&mut self, code: uint, reason: &str)
    {
        match self.state
        {
            INIT =>
            {
                // build status line
        
                self.appendString(VERSION);
                self.append(SP);
                self.appendString(code.to_str());
                self.append(SP);
                self.appendString(reason);
                //
                self.writeLine();
                //
                self.state = STATUS;
            }
            
            _ =>
            {
                fail!(~"Internal Error");
            }
        }
    }
    
    pub fn writeHeader(&mut self, key: &str, value: &str)
    {
        match self.state
        {
            STATUS|HEADERS =>
            {
                // build message-header
        
                self.appendString(key);
                self.append(COLON);
                self.append(SP);
                self.appendString(value);
                //
                self.writeLine();
                //
                self.state = HEADERS;
            }
            
            _ =>
            {
                fail!(~"Internal Error");
            }
        }
    }
    
    pub fn endResponse(&mut self)
    {
        match self.state
        {
            STATUS|HEADERS =>
            {
                self.writeLine();
            }
            
            _ =>
            {
                fail!(~"Internal Error");
            }
        }
    }
    
    //
    
    fn writeLine(&mut self)
    {
        io::println(str::from_bytes(self.buffer));
        
        
        self.append(CR);
        self.append(LF);
        self.socketBuf.write(self.buffer);
        self.buffer.clear();
    }
    
    fn append(&mut self, byte: u8)
    {
        self.buffer.push(byte);
    }
    
    fn appendBytes(&mut self, bytes: &[u8])
    {
        self.buffer.push_all(bytes);
    }
    
    fn appendString(&mut self, s: &str)
    {
        self.appendBytes(s.to_bytes());
    }
}

---

Copyright (c) 2013 By Simon Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and owner Simon Lewis is strictly prohibited.

Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Simon Lewis and justanapplication.wordpress.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

Programming With Rust — Part Fifteen: Representing An HTTP Request

Now we can read a raw HTTP response we need to turn it into something useful.

1.0 HTTP Request: The RFC 2616 Definition

1.1 Request

An HTTP Request is defined like this

    Request    = Request-Line              ; Section 5.1
                 *(( general-header        ; Section 4.5
                  | request-header         ; Section 5.3
                  | entity-header ) CRLF)  ; Section 7.1
                 CRLF
                 [ message-body ]          ; Section 4.3

1.2 Request-Line

Request-Line is defined like this

    Request-Line    = Method SP Request-URI SP HTTP-Version CRLF

1.2.1 Method

Method is defined like this

    Method    = "OPTIONS"                ; Section 9.2
              | "GET"                    ; Section 9.3
              | "HEAD"                   ; Section 9.4
              | "POST"                   ; Section 9.5
              | "PUT"                    ; Section 9.6
              | "DELETE"                 ; Section 9.7
              | "TRACE"                  ; Section 9.8
              | "CONNECT"                ; Section 9.9
              | extension-method

1.2.2 Request-URI

Request-URI is defined like this

    Request-URI    = "*" | absoluteURI | abs_path | authority

where absoluteURI, abs_path and authority are as defined in RFC 2396.

1.3 Headers

general-header, request-header and entity-header
are all forms of message-header which is defined like this

    message-header = field-name ":" [ field-value ]

1.4 The Message Body

message-body is defined like this.

    message-body = entity-body
                   | <entity-body encoded as per Transfer-Encoding>

    entity-body    = *OCTET

2.0 Representing A Request

2.1 The Components

2.1.1 The Request Method

We can represent the Method using an enum like so

    enum Method
    {
        CONNECT,
        DELETE,
        GET,
        HEAD,
        OPTIONS,
        POST,
        PUT,
        TRACE
    }

For the moment we are not going to support extension methods

2.1.2 The Request URI

We can represent the Request URI in terms of its four possible variants by using an enum like so

    enum RequestURI
    {
        AbsolutePath(~str),
        AbsoluteURI(url::Url),
        Authority(~str),
        Wildcard
    }

The AbsoluteURI variant uses the type Url from the std library.

2.1.3 Headers

We are going to represent the set of headers using a new type Headers which is defined like this

    pub struct Headers
    {
        priv headers: ~[Header]
    }

and Header is defined like this

    struct Header
    {
        priv key:   ~str,
        priv value: ~str
    }

2.2 The Request

A Request simply holds the method, the URI and the headers.

    pub struct Request
    {
        priv method:  Method,
        priv uri:     RequestURI,
        priv headers: Headers
    }

For the moment we are going to ignore the message-body.

3.0 The Request Methods

3.1 Reading A Request

We define a static method read on the Request type which takes a RequestBuffer and returns a Request

    pub fn read(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> Request
    {
        let (method, uri) = readRequestLine(buffer);
        let headers       = Headers::read(buffer);
        
        Request { method: method, uri: uri, headers: headers}
    }

The function readRequestLine reads the request line and splits it into its constituent parts and returns them as a tuple.

    fn readRequestLine(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> (Method, RequestURI)
    {
        let     line           = buffer.readLine();
        let mut parts: ~[&str] = ~[];
        
        str::each_word(line, |part| { parts.push(part); true });
    
        if (vec::len(parts) != 3)
        {
            fail!(fmt!("Invalid status line: %s", line));
        }
    
        let method = Method::fromString(parts[0]);
        let uri    = RequestURI::fromString(method, parts[1]);
    
        (method, uri)
    }

3.2 Accessors

3.2.1 getMethod

This method is very simple. It just returns the Method held by the Request.

    pub fn getMethod(&self) -> Method
    {
         self.method
    }

3.2.2 getURI

This method is a little less straightforward than getMethod.

3.2.1.1 Take One

We cannot simply return a shallow copy of the RequestURI like this

    pub fn getURI(&self) -> RequestURI
    {
        self.uri
    }

because to quote the compiler

    request.rs:41:8: 41:16 error: moving out of immutable field
    request.rs:41         self.uri
                          ^~~~~~~~
    error: aborting due to previous error

As we know in this case the RequestURI value is returned via a shallow copy.

A RequestURI value may contain an owned pointer so this would be moved to the copy being returned which would make the original in the Request invalid.

3.2.1.2 Take Two

We could return a deep copy with a pointer to a copy of the original string in the owned heap as well, but this seems a tad extravagant.

An alternative would be to return a borrowed pointer like so

    pub fn getURI(&self) -> &RequestURI
    {
        &self.uri
    }

but the compiler is now very unhappy indeed

    request.rs:41:8: 41:17 error: cannot infer an appropriate lifetime due to conflicting requirements
    request.rs:41         &self.uri
                      ^~~~~~~~~
    request.rs:40:4: 42:5 note: first, the lifetime cannot outlive the lifetime &'self  as defined on the block at 40:4...
    request.rs:40     {
    request.rs:41         &self.uri
    request.rs:42     }
    request.rs:41:8: 41:17 note: ...due to the following expression
    request.rs:41         &self.uri
                      ^~~~~~~~~
    request.rs:40:4: 42:5 note: but, the lifetime must be valid for the anonymous lifetime #1 defined on the block at 40:4...
    request.rs:40     {
    request.rs:41         &self.uri
    request.rs:42     }
    request.rs:41:8: 41:17 note: ...due to the following expression
    request.rs:41         &self.uri
                      ^~~~~~~~~
    error: aborting due to previous error

but it does have a point.

We have not so much attempted to borrow a pointer, as tried to walk off with it without any indication of when we might be planning to give it back, if ever.

3.2.1.3 Take Three

To placate the compiler and assure it of our good intentions we need to explicitly specify the intended lifetime of the borrowed pointer like this

    pub fn getURI(&self) -> &'self RequestURI
    {
        &self.uri
    }

The named lifetime

    'self

specifies that the lifetime of the borrowed pointer is the same as the thing from which it was borrowed which in this case is the Request.

This makes sense because as long as the Request exists the RequestURI exists, so as long as the Request exists the borrowed pointer to the RequestURI is valid.

3.2.3 getHeader

This method delegates to the Headers get method and returns its result.

    pub fn getHeader(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&'self str>
    {
        self.headers.get(key)
    }

4.0 The Headers Methods

4.1 Reading The Headers

The static method read reads the successive header lines until an empty line is read.

Each header lined is convered to a Header value.

The method returns a Headers value constructed using the collected Header values.

    pub fn read(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> Headers
    {
        let mut headers: ~[Header] = ~[];
        
        loop
        {
            let line = buffer.readLine();
        
            if (line.len() == 0)
            {
                break;
            }
            headers.push(toHeader(line));
        }
        Headers { headers: headers }
    }

The function toHeader splits the header line into a key and a value and returns the result as a Header value.

    fn toHeader(line: &str) -> Header
    {
        let mut parts: ~[&str] = ~[];
    
        str::each_splitn_char(line, ':', 1, |s| { parts.push(s); true });
        if (vec::len(parts) != 2)
        {
            fail!(fmt!("Bad header: %s", line));
        }
    
        Header { key: parts[0].to_str(), value: parts[1].trim().to_str() }
    }

4.2 Getting A Header Value

The get method returns an Option as it is possible that the specified header was not present in the original HTTP Request.

If the header is present a borrowed pointer to the value is returned via the Option Ok variant.

The lifetime of the borrowed pointer is explicitly specified to be self. (See the Request getURI method.)

    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&'self str>
    {
        let lcKey = str::to_lower(key);
        
        match self.headers.position(|h| h.key.to_lower() == lcKey)
        {
            Some(index) => 
            {
                let value: &str = self.headers[index].value;
                
                Some(value)
            },
            
            None        => None
        }
    }

5.0 Method and RequestURI Methods

5.1 Method.fromString

The Method fromString static method is very simple. If the argument matches one of the defined methods return the corresponding enum variant, otherwise fail.

    impl Method
    {
        pub fn fromString(s: &str) -> Method
        {
            match s
            {
                "CONNECT" => CONNECT,
                "DELETE"  => DELETE,
                "GET"     => GET,
                "HEAD"    => HEAD,
                "OPTIONS" => OPTIONS,
                "POST"    => POST,
                "PUT"     => PUT,
                "TRACE"   => TRACE,
       
                _ => 
                {   
                    fail!(fmt!("Unrecognized method %s", s));
                }
            }
        }
    }

5.2 RequestURI.fromString

The RequestURI fromString static method converts the string specifying the URI contained in the HTTP Request into one of the variants of the enum type RequestURI.

It takes the Method of the Request as an argument so that it can identify the CONNECT case where the specified Request-URI is actually is an authority which may otherwise be indistinguishable from an absoluteURI in certain circumstances.

    impl RequestURI
    {    
        pub fn fromString(method: Method, s: &str) -> RequestURI
        {
            match method
            {
                CONNECT =>
                {
                    Authority(s.to_str())
                },
            
                _ =>
                {
                    let length = s.len();
        
                    if (length == 1)
                    {
                        match s.char_at(0)
                        {
                            '*' =>
                            {
                                Wildcard
                            },
                
                            '/' =>
                            {
                                AbsolutePath(~"/")
                            },
                
                            _ =>
                            {
                                fail!(fmt!("Invalid URI: %s", s));
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        match s.char_at(0)
                        {
                            '/' =>
                            {
                                AbsolutePath(s.to_str())
                            }
                        
                            _ =>
                            {                            
                                match url::from_str(s)
                                {
                                    Ok(url)  => AbsoluteURI(url),
                                
                                    Err(err) => fail!(err)
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

6.0 Source Files

6.1 headers.rs

// headers.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use buffer::RequestBuffer;

pub struct Headers
{
    priv headers: ~[Header]
}

struct Header
{
    priv key:   ~str,
    priv value: ~str
}

impl Headers
{
    pub fn read(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> Headers
    {
        let mut headers: ~[Header] = ~[];
        
        loop
        {
            let line = buffer.readLine();
        
            if (line.len() == 0)
            {
                break;
            }
            headers.push(toHeader(line));
        }
        Headers { headers: headers }
    }
    
    pub fn get(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&'self str>
    {
        let lcKey = str::to_lower(key);
        
        match self.headers.position(|h| h.key.to_lower() == lcKey)
        {
            Some(index) => 
            {
                let value: &str = self.headers[index].value;
                
                Some(value)
            },
            
            None        => None
        }
    }
}


fn toHeader(line: &str) -> Header
{
    let mut parts: ~[&str] = ~[];
    
    str::each_splitn_char(line, ':', 1, |s| { parts.push(s); true });
    if (vec::len(parts) != 2)
    {
        fail!(fmt!("Bad header: %s", line));
    }
    
    Header { key: parts[0].to_str(), value: parts[1].trim().to_str() }
}

6.2 request.rs

// request.rs

// part of httpd v0.5

use HTTP::Method;
use HTTP::RequestURI;

use buffer::RequestBuffer;

use headers::Headers;

//

pub struct Request
{
     priv method:  Method,
     priv uri:     RequestURI,
     priv headers: Headers
}

impl Request
{
    pub fn read(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> Request
    {
        let (method, uri) = readRequestLine(buffer);
        let headers       = Headers::read(buffer);
        
        Request { method: method, uri: uri, headers: headers}
    }
    
    //
    
    pub fn getMethod(&self) -> Method
    {
         self.method
    }
    
    pub fn getURI(&self) -> &'self RequestURI
    {
        &self.uri
    }
    
    pub fn getHeader(&self, key: &str) -> Option<&'self str>
    {
        self.headers.get(key)
    }
}

fn readRequestLine(buffer: &mut RequestBuffer) -> (Method, RequestURI)
{
    let     line           = buffer.readLine();
    let mut parts: ~[&str] = ~[];
        
    str::each_word(line, |part| { parts.push(part); true });
    
    if (vec::len(parts) != 3)
    {
        fail!(fmt!("Invalid status line: %s", line));
    }
    
    let method = Method::fromString(parts[0]);
    let uri    = RequestURI::fromString(method, parts[1]);
    
    (method, uri)
}

---

Copyright (c) 2013 By Simon Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and owner Simon Lewis is strictly prohibited.

Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Simon Lewis and justanapplication.wordpress.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.

Programming With Rust — Part Thirteen: Reading An HTTP Request

Now we have a connection we can read the incoming HTTP request.

1.0 An HTTP Request

An HTTP request arrives over a connection as

• a request line

followed by

• zero or more header lines

followed by

• an empty line

followed by

• a message body

which is optional.

A line is terminated by a carriage-return (CR == ASCII 13) immediately followed by a line-feed (LF == ASCII 10).

Ideally we would like to read the entire request from the connection “in one go” but that is not possible because there is no way of knowing how big a given HTTP request is before we read it.

To abstract out the unfortunately indeterminate nature of an incoming HTTP request, we will start by defining a RequestBuffer type which will deal with the vagaries of reading the necessary bytes from the connection and converting them into lines.

2.0 RequestBuffer: Take One

The original idea was that RequestBuffer would look something like this

    struct RequestBuffer
    {
        priv socketBuf:     TcpSocketBuf,
        priv bytes:         ~[u8],
        priv size:          uint,
        priv available:     uint,
        priv position:      uint,
        priv lastLineEnd:   uint
    }

and there would be a readLine method which would look something like this

    impl RequestBuffer
    {
        ...
        
        fn readLine(&mut self) -> ~str
        {
            let mut state = 0;
		
            loop
            {
                if (self.position == self.available)
                {
                    // read all the bytes currently available from the connection
            
                    ...
                }
            
                let b = self.bytes[self.position];
			
                self.position += 1;
            
                match state
                {
                    0 => 
                    {
                        if (b == 13) // CR
                        {
                            state = 1;
                        }
                    },
						
                    1 => 
                    {
                        if (b == 10) // LF
                        {
                            // make string representing line from buffered bytes
                    
                            let line = ...
                        
                            self.lastLineEnd = self.position;
                            return line;
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            state = 0;
                        }
                    },
						
                    _ => 
                    {
                        fail!(fmt!("state == %u !", state));
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        
        ...
        
    }

but at the moment there does not seem to be any way of simply reading all the bytes currently available on the connection in one go that actually works.

2.1 RequestBuffer: Take Two

This is a version that works but there really isn’t a whole lot of buffering going on.

2.1.1 RequestBuffer

    struct RequestBuffer
    {
        priv socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf,
        priv bytes:     ~[u8],
    }

2.1.2 The readLine Method

    ...

    static CR: u8 = 13;

    static LF: u8 = 10;

    ...

    impl RequestBuffer
    {
    
        ...
        
        fn readLine(&mut self) -> ~str
        {
            self.bytes.clear();
        
            let mut state = 0;
		
            loop
            {
                let i = self.socketBuf.read_byte();
			
                if (i < 0)
                {
                    fail!(~"EOF");
                }
            
                let b = i as u8;
            
                match state
                {
                    0 => 
                    {
                        if (b == CR)
                        {
                            state = 1;
                        }
                    },
						
                    1 => 
                    {
                        if (b == LF)
                        {
                            return str::from_bytes(vec::const_slice(self.bytes, 0, self.bytes.len() - 1));
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            state = 0;
                        }
                    },
						
                    _ => 
                    {
                        fail!(fmt!("state == %u !", state));
                    }
                }
                self.bytes.push(b);
            }
        }

        ...
        
    }

2.1.3 The new Method

The new method is a static method which can be used to create a RequestBuffer.

    fn new(socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf) -> RequestBuffer
    {
        RequestBuffer { socketBuf: socketBuf, bytes: ~[0u8, ..SIZE] }
    }

3.0 The handleConnection Function

If the accept function is successful we now call the handleConnection function which is defined like this

    fn handleConnection(socket: TcpSocket)
    {	
        let mut buffer      = RequestBuffer::new(socket_buf(socket));
        let     requestLine = buffer.readLine();
	
        io::println(requestLine);
        loop
        {
            let line = buffer.readLine();
		
            io::println(line);
            if (str::len(line) == 0)
            {
                break;
            }
        }
        io::stdout().flush();
        fail!(~"Now what ?");
    }

4.0 Running The Code

Running the code and pointing a web browser at 127.0.0.1:3534 produces this

 
    ./httpd
    on_establish_callback({x: {data: (0x1007094f0 as *())}})
    new_connection_callback(NewTcpConn((0x10200b000 as *())), {x: {data: (0x1007094f0 as *())}})
    accept succeeded
    GET / HTTP/1.1
    Host: 127.0.0.1:3534
    User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6; rv:21.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/21.0
    Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
    Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
    Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
    DNT: 1
    Connection: keep-alive

    rust: task failed at 'Now what ?', httpd.rc:172
    rust: domain main @0x10201ee10 root task failed
    rust: task failed at 'killed', /Users/simon/Src/lang/rust-0.6/src/libcore/pipes.rs:314

5.0 The Source Code For httpd v0.3

// httpd.rc

// v0.3

extern mod std;

use core::comm::SharedChan;

use core::option::Option;


use core::task;

use std::net::ip;
use std::net::tcp;
use std::net::tcp::TcpErrData;
use std::net::tcp::TcpNewConnection;
use std::net::tcp::TcpSocket;
use std::net::tcp::TcpSocketBuf;

use std::net::tcp::socket_buf;

use std::sync::Mutex;

use std::uv_iotask;

// RequestBuffer

struct RequestBuffer
{
    priv socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf,
    priv bytes:     ~[u8],
}

//

static SIZE: uint = 4096;

// 

static CR: u8 = 13;

static LF: u8 = 10;

impl RequestBuffer
{    
    fn new(socketBuf: TcpSocketBuf) -> RequestBuffer
    {
        RequestBuffer { socketBuf: socketBuf, bytes: ~[0u8, ..SIZE] }
    }

    fn readLine(&mut self) -> ~str
    {
        self.bytes.clear();
        
        let mut state = 0;
		
        loop
        {
            let i = self.socketBuf.read_byte();
			
            if (i < 0)
            {
                fail!(~"EOF");
            }
            
            let b = i as u8;
            
            match state
            {
                0 => 
                {
                    if (b == CR)
                    {
                        state = 1;
                    }
                },
						
                1 => 
                {
                    if (b == LF)
                    {
                        return str::from_bytes(vec::const_slice(self.bytes, 0, self.bytes.len() - 1));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        state = 0;
                    }
                },
						
                _ => 
                {
                    fail!(fmt!("state == %u !", state));
                }
            }
            self.bytes.push(b);
        }
    }
}


static BACKLOG: uint = 5;
static PORT:    uint = 3534;

static IPV4_LOOPBACK: &'static str = "127.0.0.1";


fn on_establish_callback(chan: SharedChan<Option<TcpErrData>>)
{
    io::println(fmt!("on_establish_callback(%?)", chan));
}

fn new_connection_callback(newConn :TcpNewConnection, chan: SharedChan<Option<TcpErrData>>)
{
    io::println(fmt!("new_connection_callback(%?, %?)", newConn, chan));
	
    let mx = Mutex();
	
    do mx.lock_cond
        |cv|
        {
            let mxc = ~mx.clone();

            do task::spawn 
            {
                match tcp::accept(newConn)
                {
                    Ok(socket) => 
                    {
                        io::println("accept succeeded");
                        do mxc.lock_cond
                            |cv|
                            {
                                cv.signal();
                            }
                        handleConnection(socket);
				                
                    },
                    Err(error) => 
                    {
                        io::println(fmt!("accept failed: %?", error));
                        do mxc.lock_cond
                            |cv|
                            {
                                cv.signal();
                            }
                    }
                }
            }
            cv.wait();
        }
}

fn handleConnection(socket: TcpSocket)
{	
    let mut buffer      = RequestBuffer::new(socket_buf(socket));
    let     requestLine = buffer.readLine();
	
    io::println(requestLine);
    loop
    {
        let line = buffer.readLine();
		
        io::println(line);
        if (str::len(line) == 0)
        {
            break;
        }
    }
    io::stdout().flush();
    fail!(~"Now what ?");
}

fn main()
{	
    tcp::listen(
        ip::v4::parse_addr(IPV4_LOOPBACK),
        PORT,
        BACKLOG,
        &uv_iotask::spawn_iotask(task::task()),
        on_establish_callback,
        new_connection_callback);
}

---

Copyright (c) 2013 By Simon Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog’s author and owner Simon Lewis is strictly prohibited.

Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Simon Lewis and justanapplication.wordpress.com with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.